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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00190_Field_frep37b.txt
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1996-12-30
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Absorption spectra (or
sensitivity curves) differ for the
three types of cones. (Spectral-
energy curves and absorption
curves such as these have their
y axes in log units because they
operate over such a wide range.
The up-and-down position of
the x-axis is therefore
arbitrary and does not
represent zero absorption.)
The pigments in the three
cone types have their peak
absorptions at about 430, 530,
and 560 nanometers, as shown
in the graph to the left; the
cones are consequently loosely
called "blue", "green", and
"red", "loosely" because (1)
the names refer to peak
sensitivities (which in turn are
related to ability to absorb light)
rather than to the way the
pigments would appear if we
were to look at them; (2)
monochromatic lights whose
wavelengths are 430, 530, and
560 nanometers are not blue,
green, and red but violet, blue-
green, and yellow-green; and
(3) if we were to stimulate cones
of just one type, we would see
not blue, green, or red but
probably violet, green, and
yellowish-red instead. However
unfortunate the terminology is,
it is now widely used, and
efforts to change embedded
terminology usually fail. To
substitute terms such as long,
middle, and short would be
more correct but would put a
burden on those of us not
thoroughly familiar with the
spectrum.
With peak absorption in the
green, the rod pigment,
rhodopsin, reflects blue and red
and therefore looks purple.
Because it is present in large
enough amounts in our retinas
that chemists can extract it and
look at it, it long ago came to be
called visual purple. Illogical as
it is, "visual purple" is named
for the appearance of the
pigment, whereas the terms for
cones, "red", "green", and
"blue", refer to their relative
sensitivities or abilities to
absorb light. Not to realize this
can cause great confusion.
The three cones show broad
sensitivity curves with much
overlap, especially the red and
the green cones. Light at 600
nanometers will evoke the
greatest response from red
cones, those peaking at 560
nanometers, but will likely
evoke some response, even if
weaker, from the other two
cone types. Thus the red-
sensitive cone does not respond
only to long-wavelength, or
red, light; it just responds
better. The same holds for the
other two cones.
So far I have been dealing
with physical concepts: the
nature of light and pigments,
the qualities of the pigments
that reflect light to our eyes,
and the qualities of the rod and
cone pigments that translate
the incoming light into
electrical signals. It is the
brain that interprets these
initial signals as colors. In
conveying some feel for the
subject, I find it easiest to
outline the elementary facts
about color vision at the outset,
leaving aside for the moment
the three-century history of
how these facts were
established or how the brain
handles color.